The easiest sign to catch is the one at the pump. You clock that the nozzle in your hand is the wrong one, the pump was cheaper or dearer than you expected, or the receipt says unleaded when you drive a diesel. Spot it here and you're in the best possible position, the wrong fuel is still in the tank and hasn't reached the engine. Don't start it.
Petrol in a diesel, once it's running: hard starting or refusing to start, a loud knock or rattle, loss of power, thick white or grey smoke, then hesitating, surging and finally cutting out. The symptoms come on and get worse the longer you drive, because petrol strips the lubrication the pump needs.
Diesel in a petrol, once it's running: heavy white smoke, a rough idle, misfiring and spluttering, a strong diesel smell and the engine struggling to rev or stalling at lights. Diesel won't burn properly in a petrol engine, so it fouls the plugs and runs badly almost straight away.
Whatever the mix, a check engine light or limp mode is the car telling you something is wrong. For the full detail see our petrol in a diesel and diesel in a petrol pages. If any of this sounds like your car right now, stop driving and call us.